In the magazine here, on page 9, problems proposed for the 8th grade
In translation, thanks to DeepL :
PROBLEM S:E22.152
" Determine the functions $f:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that check the relation: for any real numbers $x$ and $y$, $f(x+2y-1)+f(x-y)=2x+y.$"
ANSWER CiP
$$f(x)=x+\frac{1}{2}.$$
Solution CiP
Let's note with
$$u=x+2y-1,\;\;\;v=x-y. \tag{1}$$
Adding the two equations (1) we get $2x+y-1=u+v\;\;\Rightarrow \;2x+y=u+v+1.$
The given relationship is written
$$f(u)+f(v)=u+v+1\;(\forall)u,v \in \mathbb{R}\;\Leftrightarrow$$
$$\Leftrightarrow\;f(u)-u=v+1-f(v)\;(\forall)u,v \in \mathbb{R}. \tag{2}$$
In the equation (2), the left member has only the variable $u$ and the right member only the variable $v$. This is only possible if both members are constant. So there is $k \in \mathbb{R}$, so that
$$f(u)-u=k=v+1-f(v)\;(\forall) u,v \in \mathbb{R}.$$
Hence $f(u)=u+k,\;f(v)=v+1-k.$ But we still have $f(v)=v+k$(if we transcribe the first relation with the letter $v$ instead of $u$), so we must have the equation
$$v+k=v+1-k,\;\;(\forall) v \in \mathbb{R}.$$
It follows from the above $k=1-k\;\Leftrightarrow \;k+k=1\;\Leftrightarrow\;k=\frac{1}{2}.$
We get the answer, because the function $f(x)=x+\frac{1}{2}$ check the given relationship.
$\blacksquare$
PROBLEM S:E22.153
"Show that $\frac{a+b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\in (\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}}, \sqrt{2}\;] $, for any positive real numbers $a$ and $b$."
ANSWER CiP
More precise inequality occurs:
$$1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}<1<\frac{a+b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\leqslant \sqrt{2}\;\;\;\;(\forall) a,b >0.$$
Solution CiP
See here for inequality $1<\frac{a+b}{\sqrt{a^2+b^2}}\leqslant \sqrt{2}.$ Because $\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}}=1-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}<1$, then we have the inclusion of intervals
$$( 1, \sqrt{2}] \subset (\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}}, \sqrt{2}\;]$$
and the problem is solved.
$\blacksquare\;\blacksquare$
PROBLEM S:E22.154
"Give an example of a non-constant function $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, satisfying the relation $f(x+y)+f(x-y)=2f(f(x)+f(y))+4$, for any real numbers $x$ and $y$.
ANSWER CiP
Solution CiP
$\blacksquare\;\blacksquare\;\blacksquare$
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